Maria Semple was born in Santa Monica in 1964. Her father was a screenwriter and wrote the pilot for the Batman television series. Her family lived in Spain, Los Angeles, and Aspen. She attended boarding schoole at Choate Rosemary Hall and received a BA from Barnard College. After graduation, she became a screenwriter for television series including Beverly Hills, 90210; Mad About You; and Arrested Development. In addition to Where'd You Go, Bernadette, she has written another novel, This One is Mine. She lives in Seattle with her partner, George Meyer, and their daughter and teaches writing. Below is a brief video clip of Semple talking about her novel.
Scenes from Seattle
Queen Anne Hill as seen from the Space Needle
The structure at the crest of the hill is the former Queen Anne High School, which has been turned into apartments, but it could just as well be "Straight Gate."
Queen Anne-style house
Possibly the model for Audrey Griffin's "white castle."
Craftsman-style house in Seattle.
Bernadette is not impressed.
Inside the Space Needle
Seattle icon and scene of the birthday lunch for Bee's friend Kennedy.
Cliff Mass, Meteorologist
Seattle fixture and Bernadette and Bee's favorite weatherman.
Dale Chihuly chandelier in Seattle
Perhaps similar to the one Bernadette fell asleep under at the compounding pharmacy.
Antartica
Ushuaia, Argentina
The jumping-off point for tours of Antarctica.
An Antarctic iceberg
One of the colorful kind that caught Bernadette's attention.
Swimming in the volcanic fumarole on Deception Island.
Notice the tourists in the red parkas. I first heard about this place when watching a Jacques Cousteau special about 30 years ago or so and has been on my bucket list ever since. I was so angry with Bee when she refused an opportunity to swim in the hot springs.
The gift shop at Port Lockroy
This is where Bee met the two English girls. Bernadette was not here.
An Adelie penguin rookery
These parents have chicks and are not fighting.
Palmer Station, Antarctica
Apparently the most coveted research post in Antarctica.
Your Humble Narrator
The story is pieced together from the viewpoint of Bernadette's daughter, Bee, short for...
Balakrishina
The blue, flute-playing baby Krishna.
Director Stanley Kubrick
This is what I imagine Bee's "Kubrick" face looked like.
The eldest of seven children, Louise Erdrich was born in Little Falls, Minnesota on July 6, 1954. She grew up in Wahpeton, North Dakota where her parents taught at the Bureau of Indian Affairs school. At an early age Erdrich was encouraged by her parents to write stories. Her father paid her a nickel a story and her mother made covers for her first books. In high school, Erdrich continued her writing by keeping a journal.
In 1972, Erdrich was among the first women admitted to Dartmouth College. She majored in English and creative writing, and took courses in the Native American Studies program headed by her future husband, Michael Dorris. She graduated in 1976.
In 1979, Erdrich earned her Master of Arts degree in writing from Johns Hopkins University. For her thesis Erdrich wrote poetry that would later be published in the collection Jacklight. She also began writing her novel Tracks. After John Hopkins, Erdrich worked at The Circle, the Boston Indian Council Newspaper.
Erdrich met Michael Dorris again when she was invited to return to Dartmouth to read her work. The two exchanged addresses and began a lengthy correspondence while he was in New Zealand and she in New Hampshire. In 1981 Erdrich returned to Dartmouth as a writer-in-residence in the Native American Studies Program. Dorris returned to Dartmouth that same year and the two were married in October of 1981.
Erdrich's marriage to Dorris began not only a domestic partnership but also a literary one. Dorris became a collaborator and agent for Erdrich. The two first wrote romantic fiction under the name Milou North to earn extra money. Milou was a combination of their first names, and north referred to their location. They also collaborated on Erdrich's other novels for which Dorris offered editorial suggestions on Erdrich's writing. Only two works, however, contain both Erdrich's and Dorris's names, The Crown of Columbus and Route Two, a collection of travel essays.
As Erdrich's agent, Dorris persuaded Henry Holt and Company to publish Jacklight and convinced Erdrich to compete for the Nelson Algren Fiction Award. Erdrich won this $5,000 award in 1982 with "The World's Greatest Fisherman." This story later became the opening chapter for Love Medicine.
Dorris had adopted three children when he was single. Erdrich also adopted them and the couple had three more children together. In 1991, their oldest child was killed in a car accident. Additional family problems put a strain on the marriage and the two separated after fifteen years of marriage. In 1997, Dorris committed suicide. Later Erdrich revealed that her husband had been depressed and suicidal during their marriage. Erdrich moved to Minneapolis, only a few hours away from her parents in North Dakota.
Erdrich's fiction is influenced both by her heritage and her life experiences. Her father's parents ran a butcher shop. Jacklight contains a section of poems entitled "The Butcher's Wife." A butcher shop is also featured in her novels The Beet Queen and Tracks. After college one of her many jobs was waitressing. Waitresses appear in several of her works.
Love Medicine is Erdrich's first and most critically acclaimed novel. It was originally published in 1984 and republished in an expanded form in 1993. Erdrich received the National Book Critics Circle Award for Best Fiction for Love Medicine. It is the first of a series of novels that are interconnected with one another. The other novels are The Beet Queen, Tracks, The Bingo Palace, Tales of Burning Love, and to a much lesser degree The Antelope Wife.
Erdrich has also won the Pushcart Prize in Poetry, the O. Henry Prize for short fiction, the Western Literary Association Award, received a Guggenheim Fellowship, and several of her stories have appeared in The Best American Short Stories series. Erdrich's short fiction has also appeared in the New Yorker, Harper's Magazine, Atlantic Monthly, and Paris Review. She is one of few American Indian writers who are widely read.
In the video below, Louise Erdrich talks to the PBS News Hour about her 14th novel, The Round House, which of course is our book for discussion this month.
Law and the Reservation
In the afterword to The Round House, Erdrich mentions the Amnesty International report "Maze of Injustice," subtitled "The failure to protect Indigenous women from sexual violence in the USA." At that point the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 had just been signed into law as a step toward a remedy. In 2011, The Violence Against Women Act, which had been signed originally in 1994 (an effort led by then-Senator Joe Biden), was due to expire, and during the reauthorization hearings, language was added which would have extended protections to native Americans as well as undocumented aliens and LGBT victims. Due to the expansion of protections, the reauthorization bill was opposed by conservative lawmakers, and only a watered-down version stripped of additional protections was able to pass in the House. In February 2013, Louise Erdrich wrote an article in the opinion pages of The New York Times about the consequences to native women of the failure to pass the Violence Against Women Act. A month later, in March 2013, the reauthorization bill finally passed and was signed into law by President Obama. At the signing ceremony, a young woman named Diane Millich of the Southern Ute tribe told of her own experience with violence at the hands of her non-Indian ex-husband and how that was made possible by the jursidictional conflicts that are now addressed by the act (see the first 2 minutes of this video).
In regard to the discussion of UFO sightings in the desert, it turned out that most of us had Area 51 and Roswell, New Mexico, blended together in our minds. I was pretty sure that Area 51 was in Nevada, but not absolutely sure, so I had to look it up. It turns out that Area 51 (AKA Groom Lake) is in southern Nevada and is actually administratively part of Edwards Air Force Base, itself located in the California desert not too far from where the action of the book takes place. Groom Lake in Nevada is where many top-secret spy aircraft have been tested (including the U2 spy plane), also where captured technology from other countries was evaluated. Due to the extreme secrecy that surrounds the facility, rumors have been rife over the years that the base had something to do with either extraterrestrial exploration or captured extraterrestrial ships on earth or both. Due to a Freedom of Information Act request made in 2005, the CIA finally publicly acknowledged a few months ago that there was a test facility at that location, but didn't reveal anything more. Go to the Wiki page if you want to read more (standard Wikipedia caveats apply).
Roswell is nearly two states away from Area 51.
Roswell, New Mexico, is located in the southeast corner of that state, actually quite a way from Area 51. In July 1947, a local newspaper reported that a "flying disk" had crashed on a ranch near there and been taken to Roswell Army Air Force Base for analysis. From thence have sprung many books, television series episodes, and movies about captured alien technology and alien autopsies. The Roswell UFO Incident, of course, has its own Wiki Page.
Changelings
Twice in Gods Without Men, the idea of a changeling figures in the story. First, the child Judy disappears at the site of the UFO cult and is widely believed either to have been abducted by aliens or to have been incinerated in the explosion of the extraterrestrial travel machine that consumed the cult's founder, Schmidt. A fully grown late teen-aged "Judy" later appears to confirm the alien abduction story and become a key figure in what remains of the cult. Later, "Judy" reveals to another character that she is not actually Judy but a young girl from Salt Lake City who was picked up by one of the cult elders and groomed to impersonate the original Judy. When asked how the mother of the original Judy could have been taken in, the substitute answers, "I was the answer to her prayers." The second incident comes at the end of the book, after Raj is returned to Jaz and Lisa with his autism cured, when Jaz begins to suspect that Raj is not his son but a completely different child.
As we were discussing this, something flashed by my mind, but the conversation had moved on, and the thought was gone before it was even fully formed. Later I remembered what I had been thinking about was a movie that I saw a year or so ago, called "The Imposter," about a Texas family whose youngest son had disappeared at age 13. The family got a call three years later from Spain from someone claiming to be the lost teen. His older sister traveled to Spain and identified him as her lost brother even though he was shorter than any male in her family, had brown hair and brown eyes instead of blond hair and blue eyes, had a much heavier 5-o'clock shadow than is normal in a teen, and had a heavy French accent. As the story unraveled, people asked how the family could have been so easily and thoroughly duped, and the answer was that "He was the answer to their prayers." It was one of the most disturbing movies I've ever seen and is available on Netflix (there is also a fictionalized version called "The Chameleon"). Here's the trailer of "The Imposter".
Hari Kunzru was born in England in 1969 and grew up there, the child of an Indian father and a British mother. In an interview with Granta, he tells of having had fantasies as a child of being abducted by a UFO. He earned a BA in English Language and Literature from Wadham College, Oxford, and an MA in Philosophy and Literature from the University of Warwick. Before being a published novelist he worked as a travel writer, television presenter, and music editor at a magazine. He has published three other novels, The Impressionist (2003), Transmission (2004), and My Revolutions (2007), and a collection of short stories, Noise (2005). In 2003, he was award the John Llewellyn Rhys prize, but he turned it down because one of the sponsors was the Mail on Sunday, a paper with a notorious anti-immigrant editorial position. He has been active in the cause of free speech, including reading excerpts from Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses aloud at a literary festival in Jaipur, India, in 2012. In the YouTube clip below, he talks about his position on free speech and reads aloud a poem, "The Love that Dares Speak Its Name," which was banned in England in the 1970s on grounds of blasphemy. You may not want to watch if you are offended by homoeroticism or blasphemy.
Background for Gods Without Men
The Mojave Desert
In an interview in the Paris Review, Kunzru tells of how he first traveled to the Mojave after being trapped in Los Angeles after 9/11 and needing to get out of the city to clear his head.
Rock formation near Hole-in-the-Wall campground in the East Mojave; my husband and I camped near here in 1989.
The Pinnacles
The pinnacles of the book were probably based on the Trona Pinnacles, but in looking at pictures of them, I could not find a particular group that looked like three fingers.
There apparently was a real "Schmidt," though I seem to recall that his name was not Schmidt, who set up a radio transmitter near the pinnacles in order to contact extraterrestrial life, but I can't link to the article that mentions that, because I forgot to bookmark it and now I can't find it.
There was, and still is, an Ashtar Galactic Command. You can visit their webpage here. I couldn't find any record album by them, but I did find out that in 1977, someone claiming to be the Ashtar Galactic Command broke into a British television broadcast to deliver a message to Earth.
The Marfa Lights
In the acknowledgements in the back of the book, Kunzru says the book was written, in part in Marfa, Texas, and in the Granta interview linked to above, he says, "I’ve never seen a UFO myself but the closest experience I’ve had is something called the Marfa Lights in Texas. It’s a paranormal phenomenon in which a fluctuating number of twinkling lights appear to be levitating over the desert night sky. Though the number varies it’s otherwise a fairly regular occurrence. No one can explain it. It’s a reliable fast-food-like UFO experience, if you’re looking to have one."
The Madeleine McCann Story
In the Granta interview, the interviewer references the media frenzy, as it is portrayed in the book, surrounding the disappearance of Raj as being reminiscent of the events and subsequent media circus surrounding the disappearance of Madeleine McCann. This was the case of a 3-year-old from the UK who disappeared while on vacation with her family in Portugal in 2007. You can read about it in particular detail on Wikipedia, including the widespread vilification of the family by the tabloid media and the sighting of a possible abductor carrying the child in his arms.
Simulated Iraqi and Afghan Villages in the Mojave
The account of ersatz Iraqi villages in the Mojave desert is based on fact. These training villages are located at Fort Irwin.
For extra credit: Baghdad Cafe
This was one of my favorite movies from the 1980s. It is set in the Mojave, and it begins with a vision in the desert. I am embedding the theme song clip below. You can see the entire 1 hour and 28 minutes on YouTube.
The other day, I was reading the comments in a blog, and one of the commenters made reference to padding word count "NaNoWriMo style". I just had to go and look that up and found out it stands for "Nation Novel Writing Month," which is an annual challenge taking place in November in which participants commit to writing a 50,000-word first-draft novel during the month of November. Those of you with writing aspirations, if you are interested, click on the link above to go to the site to sign up.
The story begins and ends in the Cinque Terre region on the northwest coast of Italy, on the Ligurian Sea, the part of the Mediterranean which also borders Monaco, France, and Corsica (birthplace of Napoleon). The name means "five lands" in Italian and refers to the five villages of Monterosso al Mare, Vernaza, Corniglia, Manarola, and Riomaggiore. These villages are not reachable by auto, but only train, footpaths, and the sea. They are part of the Cinque Terre National Park and are a UNESCO World Heritage site. When I examined the cover of the book, I couldn't decide whether it was a photo or a drawing; the colors seemed too vivid to be real. I haven't yet made up my mind about the cover, but it could well be a photo as here is a picture of the village of Manarola, which may be the village pictured on the cover of the book.
Here is a picture of the Albergo Pasquale in Monterosso al Mare, where Jess Walter says he was first inspired to begin "the Italian novel."
This is a large statue of Neptune in Monterosso al Mare, which was created in 1910 by two natives of Monterosso who had gone to Argentina and returned. The supporting terrace was damaged from bombing of the adjoining villa during World War II, and the missing limbs and trident were the result of a storm in 1966.
This is Porto Venere, to the south of the Cinque Terre, a town which also figures prominently in the book.
On YouTube, I found this interview with Jess Walter about Beautiful Ruins.
In the above video, Jess Walter mentions he became a father at 19. Does this cause you to see the book in a different light? On YouTube, there is also a 26.5-minute video in which he answers readers' questions about the book. I am including it in the event that you have a half-hour to spare.
Finally, I can't leave without a word or two about Richard Burton. The title, Beautiful Ruins, is taken from a November 2010 article in The New Yorker, "Talk Story," by Louis Menand, about late night television, in which Menand discusses Dick Cavette's 1980 interviews with Richard Burton, saying "Burton, fifty-four at the time, and already a beautiful ruin, was mesmerizing." If you have the time, the entire interview is embedded below. I started to watch it, and Menand is right, Burton is mesmerizing. I wound up watching 25 minutes before I knew it. I'm going to watch the whole thing. Wow.
The following suggestions were either put forward at the meeting on August 3 or sent to Peggy or me by email. They are listed in alphabetical order to avoid any possible interpretation of order in list as being some kind of value judgment. Please review the entire list thoroughly. If you have any additional suggestions, please let me know, and I will add them as updates to this post.
Nonfiction
Body of Work: Meditations on Mortality from the Human Anatomy Lab by Christine Montross, 320 pages, available in paperback
As a medical student, Christine Montross felt nervous standing outside the anatomy lab on her first day of class. Entering a room with stainless-steel tables topped by corpses in body bags was initially unnerving. But once Montross met her cadaver, she found herself intrigued by the person the woman once was and fascinated by the strange, unsettling beauty of the human form. They called her Eve. The story of Montross and Eve is a tender and surprising examination of the mysteries of the human body, and a remarkable look at our relationship with both the living and the dead.
Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right, The by Atul Gawande, 240 pages, available in paperback, a New York Times Bestseller
We train longer, specialize more, use ever-advancing technologies, and still we fail. Atul Gawande makes a compelling argument that we can do better, using the simplest of methods: the checklist. In riveting stories, he reveals what checklists can do, what they can’t, and how they could bring about striking improvements in a variety of fields, from medicine and disaster recovery to professions and businesses of all kinds. And the insights are making a difference. Already, a simple surgical checklist from the World Health Organization designed by following the ideas described here has been adopted in more than twenty countries as a standard for care and has been heralded as “the biggest clinical invention in thirty years” (The Independent).
Night Shift, The by Dr. Brian Goldman, 288 pages, available in paperback. Goldman shares his experiences in the witching hours at Mount Sinai Hospital in downtown Toronto. We meet the kinds of patients who walk into an ER after midnight. The Night Shift is also a frank look at many issues facing the medical profession today, and offers a highly compelling inside view into an often shrouded world.
Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World that Can’t Stop Talking by Susan Cain, 368 pages, available in paperback, Amazon Best Books of the Month, January 2012 How many introverts do you know? The real answer will probably surprise you. In our culture, which emphasizes group work from elementary school through the business world, everything seems geared toward extroverts. Luckily, introverts everywhere have a new spokesperson: Susan Cain, a self-proclaimed introvert who’s taken it upon herself to better understand the place of introverts in culture and society. With Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking, Cain explores introversion through psychological research old and new, personal experiences, and even brain chemistry, in an engaging and highly-readable fashion. By delving into introversion, Cain also seeks to find ways for introverts and extroverts to better understand one another—and for introverts to understand their own contradictions, such as the ability to act like extroverts in certain situations. Highly accessible and uplifting for any introvert—and any extrovert who knows an introvert (and over one-third of us are introverts)—Quiet has the potential to revolutionize the “extrovert ideal.” – Malissa Kent (Amazon review).
Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail by Cheryl Strayed, 336 pages, available in paperback At twenty-two, Cheryl Strayed thought she had lost everything. In the wake of her mother’s death, her family scattered and her own marriage was soon destroyed. Four years later, with nothing more to lose, she made the most impulsive decision of her life. With no experience or training, driven only by blind will, she would hike more than a thousand miles of the Pacific Crest Trail from the Mojave Desert through California and Oregon to Washington State—and she would do it alone. Told with suspense and style, sparkling with warmth and humor, Wild powerfully captures the terrors and pleasures of one young woman forging ahead against all odds on a journey that maddened, strengthened, and ultimately healed her.
Fiction
Garden of Evening Mists, The by Tan Twan Eng, 352 pages, available in paperback Malaya, 1951. Yun Ling Teoh, the scarred lone survivor of a brutal Japanese wartime camp, seeks solace among the jungle-fringed tea plantations of Cameron Highlands. There she discovers Yugiri, the only Japanese garden in Malaya, and its owner and creator, the enigmatic Aritomo, exiled former gardener of the emperor of Japan. Despite her hatred of the Japanese, Yun Ling seeks to engage Aritomo to create a garden in memory of her sister, who died in the camp. Aritomo refuses but agrees to accept Yun Ling as his apprentice “until the monsoon comes.” Then she can design a garden for herself. As the months pass, Yun Ling finds herself intimately drawn to the gardener and his art, while all around them a communist guerilla war rages. But the Garden of Evening Mists remains a place of mystery. Who is Aritomo and how did he come to leave Japan? And is the real story of how Yun Ling managed to survive the war perhaps the darkest secret of all?
Glass Palace, Theby Amitav Ghosh, 560 pages, available in paperback Set in Burma during the British invasion of 1885, this masterly novel by Amitav Ghosh tells the story of Rajkumar, a poor boy lifted on the tides of political and social chaos, who goes on to create an empire in the Burmese teak forest. When soldiers force the royal family out of the Glass Palace and into exile, Rajkumar befriends Dolly, a young woman in the court of the Burmese Queen, whose love will shape his life. He cannot forget her, and years later, as a rich man, he goes in search of her. The struggles that have made Burma, India, and Malaya the places they are today are illuminated in this wonderful novel by the writer Chitra Divakaruni calls “a master storyteller.”
History of the Present Illness, A by Louise Aronson MD, 272 pages, paperback available January 2014 A collection of short stories written by a doctor of geriatrics at UCSF, which takes readers into the lives of doctors, patients and families in the neighborhoods, hospitals and nursing homes of San Francisco. It introduces a striking new literary voice and offers a deeply humane and incisive portrait of health and illness in America today
Kindred by Octavia Butler, 264 pages, available in paperback Dana, a modern black woman, is celebrating her twenty-sixth birthday with her new husband when she is snatched abruptly from her home in California and transported to the antebellum South. Rufus, the white son of a plantation owner, is drowning, and Dana has been summoned to save him. Dana is drawn back repeatedly through time to the slave quarters, and each time the stay grows longer, more arduous, and more dangerous until it is uncertain whether or not Dana's life will end, long before it has a chance to begin. Mr. Fox by Helen Oyeyemi, 336 pages, available in paperback, Winner of the Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Fiction, One of Granta’s Best Young British Novelists Fairytale romances end with a wedding. The fairytales that don’t get more complicated. In this book, celebrated writer Mr. Fox can’t stop himself from killing off the heroines of his novels, and neither can his wife, Daphne. It’s not until Mary, his muse, comes to life and transforms him from author into subject that his story begins to unfold differently. Meanwhile, Daphne becomes convinced that her husband is having an affair, and finds her way into Mary and Mr. Fox’s game. And so Mr. Fox is offered a choice: Will it be a life with the girl of his dreams, or a life with an all-too-real woman who delights him more than he cares to admit? Orphan Master’s Son, The by Adam Johnson, 480 pages, available in paperback, winner of the Pulitzer Prize (Summary lifted from the LitLovers site). Pak Jun Do is the haunted son of a lost mother—a singer “stolen” to Pyongyang—and an influential father who runs Long Tomorrows, a work camp for orphans. There the boy is given his first taste of power, picking which orphans eat first and which will be lent out for manual labor. Recognized for his loyalty and keen instincts, Jun Do comes to the attention of superiors in the state, rises in the ranks, and starts on a road from which there will be no return.
Patrick Melrose Novels, The by Edward St. Aubyn, 688 pages*, available in paperback, a national bestseller, an Atlantic Magazine Best Book of the Year, a Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year For more than twenty years, acclaimed author Edward St. Aubyn has chronicled the life of Patrick Melrose, painting an extraordinary portrait of the beleaguered and self-loathing world of privilege. This single volume collects the first four novels—Never Mind, Bad News, Some Hope, and Mother’s Milk, a Man Booker finalist—to coincide with the publication of At Last, the final installment of this unique novel cycle. By turns harrowing and hilarious, these beautifully written novels dissect the English upper class as we follow Patrick Melrose’s story from child abuse to heroin addiction and recovery. Never Mind, the first novel, unfolds over a day and an evening at the family’s chateaux in the south of France, where the sadistic and terrifying figure of David Melrose dominates the lives of his five-year-old son, Patrick, and his rich and unhappy American mother, Eleanor. From abuse to addiction, the second novel, Bad News opens as the twenty-two-year-old Patrick sets off to collect his father’s ashes from New York, where he will spend a drug-crazed twenty-four hours. And back in England, the third novel, Some Hope, offers a sober and clean Patrick the possibility of recovery. The fourth novel, the Booker-shortlisted Mother’s Milk, returns to the family chateau, where Patrick, now married and a father himself, struggles with child rearing, adultery, his mother’s desire for assisted suicide, and the loss of the family home to a New Age foundation. Edward St. Aubyn offers a window into a world of utter decadence, amorality, greed, snobbery, and cruelty—welcome to the declining British aristocracy.
Seating Arrangements by Maggie Shipstead, 320 pages, available in paperback Winn Van Meter is a WASP: He approves of discretion, shorts with little whales on them and Bloody Marys — lots and lots of "Bloodys," as they're called. Seating Arrangements takes place on a Nantucket-like island where the Van Meter family is hosting a wedding for their daughter, Daphne, who's hugely pregnant (this is the 21st century, after all). Winn, the father of the bride, shambles around in a polite funk because he's been quietly shunned by the island's exclusive golf club, and because his house has been invaded by the bridal party, who deposit makeup and bikini tops everywhere…. Author Maggie Shipstead mocks the pretensions of this tightly enclosed world even as she thoroughly — and compassionately — inhabits it. She's Edith Wharton with a millennial generation edge. And while the society of Seating Arrangements may be select, Shipstead's range as a writer is democratic: She roams from a slapstick subplot starring an escaped lobster to sublime reflections on marriage and death.
Where’d You Go Bernadette by Maria Semple, 352 pages, available in paperback Bernadette Fox is notorious. To her Microsoft-guru husband, she's a fearlessly opinionated partner; to fellow private-school mothers in Seattle, she's a disgrace; to design mavens, she's a revolutionary architect, and to 15-year-old Bee, she is a best friend and, simply, Mom. Then Bernadette disappears. It began when Bee aced her report card and claimed her promised reward: a family trip to Antarctica. But Bernadette's intensifying allergy to Seattle--and people in general--has made her so agoraphobic that a virtual assistant in India now runs her most basic errands. A trip to the end of the earth is problematic. To find her mother, Bee compiles email messages, official documents, secret correspondence--creating a compulsively readable and touching novel about misplaced genius and a mother and daughter's role in an absurd world.
Wife 22 by Melanie Gideon, 416 pages, available in paperback For fans of Helen Fielding’s Bridget Jones’s Diary and Allison Pearson’s I Don’t Know How She Does It, comes an irresistible novel of a woman losing herself . . . and finding herself again in the middle of her life. “…when the anonymous online study called ‘Marriage in the 21st Century’ showed up in my inbox, I had no idea how profoundly it would change my life. It wasn’t long before I was assigned both a pseudonym (Wife 22) and a caseworker (Researcher 101).”
*Because of the length of this volume, Linda had suggested that we might read just the first book of the volume for the discussion meeting.
Bev found the site for Roger Ebert's successor program that we were discussing last Saturday:
Regarding the 2010-12 movie review program that reprised the PBS Ebert-Siskel show concept: "Ebert Presents At the Movies", apparently, it HAS discontinued taping. But it DID spotlight a number of really interesting reviewers, two in particular: Christy Lemire and Ignatiy Vishnevetsky(Christy and Ignatiy did the "from the balcony, thumbs up/down" routine each week a la Siskel and Ebert).
FYI: While he was alive, Roger was one of the critics for the show, his reviews being voiced by radio personality Bill Curtis or another local Chicago character.
Linda forwarded along a number of additional links to sites for movie reviews (clickable links):
I personally have a couple of other sites I like to go to. Both are survey sites of critical opinions from around the nation and both contain searchable databases. The one I mentioned during the group discussion is Rotten Tomatoes, and another one I use a lot is the Movie Review Query Engine.
Be sure to check the video marquee in the lobby for the room for our meeting, as they switched rooms on us last month.
Roger Ebert Lives
One of the things I noticed as I was reading Life Itself was how it felt like Roger Ebert was present in person and telling me his story. You can get that same feeling at his blog, "Roger Ebert's Journal," which contains much of the material used in the book along with a whole lot more. His wife Chaz also has a blog. Needless to say, a number of clips from Roger Ebert's various television shows with Gene Siskel ust for the heck of it, I went to YouTube to see what was the most popular Siskel and Ebert clip, and for some reason, this was it.
Ebert didn't dislike every movie he saw though. At his journal site, you
can also click a link which takes you to written reviews of movies he
considers to be great movies.
Odds and Ends about Roger Ebert
University of Illinois and "Chief Illiniwek":One of the times I found myself disagreeing most with Roger Ebert was not about a movie review but was about the campaign by Native American student activists to retire the University of Illinois sports mascot, "Chief Illiniwek." I remember Ebert defending the mascot. Apparently, he eventually came to "intellectually" accept the reasons for the retirement of "The Chief" as a mascot, but only reluctantly, and continued to view the mascot as a tragic romantic figure. I wish I could give you some links about this, but every link to anything solid that Ebert actually said on the topic appears to be broken.
On Betraying Your Mentor: It was particularly interesting for me to read in the chapter about his time at the University of Illinois (see specifically page 95) that Ebert had once published a review of a book by his mentor, Daniel Curley, a man he spoke of as a second father, having called Curley's book the work of a "first-rate second-rate writer." This stood out for me, because right at the time Roger Ebert died earlier this year, we had been in the middle of reading The Paris Wife and had discussed the way in which Ernest Hemingway always seemed to turn on almost anybody who had ever helped him. Thus, my attention was captured by one of the many online tributes to Roger Ebert, this one written by Will Leitch, a sportswriter who attended the University of Illinois and who had been given encouragement and advice by Roger Ebert during his university days and early in his career. You can read this post about how he eventually repaid Ebert's kindness and how Ebert reacted to that. Now, having read the book and realizing that Roger Ebert had had his own similar moment early in his career, I wonder how much of Ebert's response was informed by his own moment of weakness when he was young.
Life Itself, the Roger Ebert autobiography that we are reading for our August 3 discussion, gives a more in-depth and detailed look at the man behind the movie reviews, but the truth is that Roger Ebert has always tried to place himself squarely into his reviews, letting us know what he experienced and how he felt about the movie rather than objectively analyzing it. Below is a clip from what is possibly Ebert's most iconic review, part of a 1994 year-end review with Gene Siskel in which they both chose a movie called "North" as their worst movie of the year. It inspired the title of a later book that Ebert wrote. Unfortunately the only clip on YouTube was recorded on a VCR with a dirty recording head, so the quality isn't that great.
Went on to the London School of Economics and Sheffield University, where she studied law.
Briefly was a social worker in a geriatric hospital, and much later used her experiences in her novels Every Day is Mother's Day and Vacant Possession.
Went in 1977 to live in Botswana with her husband, then a geologist.
Moved on in 1982 to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia, where she would set her third novel, Eight Months on Ghazzah Street.
Published first novel in 1985. Returned to the UK the following year..
Awarded the 1987 Shiva Naipaul Memorial Prize for travel writing, and became the film critic of the Spectator.
Reviews widely for a range of newspapers and magazines, and is currently
working on the sequel to Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies, to be
called The Mirror and the Light.
Other novels and awards:
Fourth novel, Fludd, was awarded the Cheltenham Festival Prize, the Southern Arts Literature Prize, and the Winifred Holtby Prize.
Fifth novel, A Place of Greater Safety, won the Sunday Express Book of the Year Award.
A Change of Climate, published in 1993, is the story of an East Anglian family, former missionaries, torn apart by conflicts generated in Southern Africa in the early years of Apartheid. An Experiment in Love published in 1995, is a story about childhood and university life, set in London in 1970. It was awarded the Hawthornden Prize.
Beyond Black, published in 2005, was shortlisted for the Orange Prize, while Wolf Hall won the 2009 Man Booker Prize, and Bring Up the Bodies, its sequel, won the 2012 Man Booker Prize.
If you have time, scroll down and take a look at the four prior posts here on subjects relevant to Wolf Hall and the times of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. In particular, I would point your attention to the post of June 9 and the link to the sound file and transcript in the London Review of Books in which Hilary Mantel discusses "Royal Bodies" and the public's obsession with royal females as arbiters of fashion and as dynastic brood mares.
The name "Cromwell" is probably familiar to you if you were fortunate enough to grow up in the era when we were all expected to know something of European history, especially as it related to US history. That is probably because of Oliver Cromwell, an English parliamentarian and military man who was a leader of the "Roundhead" faction in the English civil war which took place in the mid 1600s. Oliver Cromwell was one of the signatories of the death warrant of King Charles I in 1649, and he later became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England during a brief period between 1649 and 1660 when England was without a king, and Parliament was the ultimate authority. The name of Cromwell is much reviled, especially in Ireland, because of his role first in the military subjugation of Ireland and then in near-genocidal punitive measures taken afterward against Catholics in Scotland and Ireland.
Oliver Cromwell: Great great great nephew of Thomas
So was Oliver Cromwell related to Thomas Cromwell, and if so, how? Well, you will recall from the book that Cromwell's nephew Richard Williams changed his name to Richard Cromwell to honor his uncle Thomas, who was his guardian. Richard Cromwell was the great grandfather of Oliver Cromwell, which makes Thomas Cromwell Oliver's thrice-great uncle.
Not this Cromwell Either
Actor James Cromwell
The guy who played the farmer in the movie "Babe."
A Thorough (but Probably Not Comprehensive) List of (Mostly Historical) Characters from Wolf Hall
These are not in any particular order, so it might help if you use CTRL + F to search for a name. A couple of sites that were very helpful to me were The Anne Boleyn Files and the Luminarium Encyclopedia Project.
Royals
Henry VIII
Henry VII, King of England, (Henricus Rex), 1491-1547. Son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Catherine of Aragon , 1485-1536. Princess of Spain and Queen of England as the 1st of Henry VIII's wives, youngest surviving child of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, betrothed to Henry VIII's older brother, Arthur, at the age of 3, married to Arthur at the age of 16, widowed less than 6 months later. Catharine was betrothed to Henry after the death of Arthur, but by the time he was old enough to marry, his father, Henry VII, had cancelled the betrothal, but one of Henry VII's first acts after the death of his father was to marry Catherine.
Mary Tudor (Lady/Princess Mary AKA the talking shrimp) 1516-1558. Daughter of Henry VII and Catherine, the only surviving child of that marriage.
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (Lord Richmond) 1519-1536. Illegitimate son of Henry VIII and Lady Elizabeth Blount, a lady in waiting to Catherine of Aragon.
Elizabeth Tudor (Lady/Princess Elizabeth AKA the ginger pig) 1533-1603. Daughter of Henry VII and Anne Boleyn, the first and only surviving child of that marriage.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (The Emperor) 1500-1558. Nephew of Catherine of Aragon and vehement opponent of religious heresy and of the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine.
Francis I of France, 1494-1547. Francis became King of France in 1515 when Louis XII (Henry VIII's brother-in-law) died childless. Henry VIII sailed with Anne to Calais in 1533 to seek Francis' help in clearing the way for Henry to marry Anne.
Nobles, Courtiers, and Retainers
Thomas More
Thomas More (Lord Chancellor) 1478-1535. Son of a prominent judge, More attended Oxford and became a barrister (though he considered taking holy orders). He became a member of Parliament, an under-sheriff of London, and undertook legal work for Henry VIII. More was made speaker of the house in 1523 and Chancellor of the Ducy of Lancaster in 1525. After the fall of Cardinal Wolsey, More became the first layman to hold the post of Lord Chancellor.
Mary Boleyn (Lady Carey/Lady Stafford) unknown-1543. Daughter of Thomas Boleyn and sister of Anne. Almost nothing concrete is known about Mary Boleyn; therefore, she has become a popular subject for historical fiction. She may or may not have been the mistress of Henry VIII. Her first husband died of the "sweating sickness." The part about her being banished from court for marrying William Stafford is true. She lived and died in relative obscurity.
Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire/1st Earl of Ormond, (Monsingeur) ca. 1477-1539. Diplomat and father of Anne, Mary, and George Boleyn, husband of Lady Elizabeth Howard (sister of the 3rd Duke of Norfolk).
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (Norfolk or Uncle Norfolk) 1473-1554. Howard's father and grandfather had fought on the side of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth against Henry VII, but after the death of Henry VII, Howard became fast friends with Henry VIII. Howard fell temporarily outside the inner circle at court due to opposition from Cardinal Wolsey, as Howard favored a more militaristic foreign policy and Wolsey favored diplomacy. Howard saw his way back into the inner circle when his niece, Anne Boleyn, caught the eye of the king.
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (Suffolk) ca. 1484-1545. Son of a knight, brought up at the court of Henry VII, Suffolk eventually married Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII and widow of Lous XII of France. Along with Norfolk, his influence at court increased as Cardinal Wolsey's waned.
George Boleyn (Lord Rochford) ca. 1504-1536. Son of Thomas Boleyn, brother of Anne and Mary Boleyn, husband of Jane Parker. Almost as little genuine fact is known of George Boleyn as his sister Mary. Among his contemporaries, he had a reputation for great wit.
Jane Seymour (that sickly milk-faced creeper) ca. 1509-1537. Daughter of John Seymour of Wolf Hall. Timid, submissive lady in waiting to Anne Boleyn.
Henry Wyatt 1460-1537. Courtier and councillor to Henry VII, who supported Henry VII against Richard III and may or may not have been imprisoned for that (though almost surely NOT in the Tower of London as the popular legend has it).
Thomas Wyatt 1503-1542. Son of Henry Wyatt, ambassador, and lyrical poet. He was rumored to have had an affair with Anne Boleyn, although he probably did no more than write poetry to her.
Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland (Young Percy) ca. 1502-1537. Percy entered public service as a page to Cardinal Wolsey. He and Anne Boleyn became enamored of each other and planned to become engaged. Since they had not sought permission from their parents or from the court or church, and since Percy's father already had plans for him and Wolsey had plans for Anne, permission was denied, and Percy was given a public dressing down by his father (who was brought in by Wolsey). At the time of the Cardinal's disgrace Henry Percy was the one to arrest Wolsey when ordered by the King.
Henry Norris, Keeper of the King's Privy Purse unknown-1536. Yet another of Henry VIII's courtiers alleged to be smitten by Anne Boleyn.
Richard Rich, Solicitor General (Sir Purse) ca. 1497-1567. Lawyer who initial sought patronage from Cardinal Wolsey but eventually was taken under the wing of Lord Audley, who helped him get elected to Parliament. In 1533 he was knighted and made Solicitor General in which capacity he served under Thomas Cromwell in the matter of the breakup of the monasteries.
George Cavendish 1494-1562. Son of an official in the Court of Exchequer, he entered the service of Cardinal Wolsey as gentleman-usher and faithfully served until the Cardinal's death, even through the period of the Cardinal's disgrace. He later wrote a biography of Wolsey, which was said to have been borrowe from heavily by Shakespeare for his play "Henry VIII."
Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden (Lord Audley, MR Speaker) ca. 1488-1544. Lawyer and Member of Parliament for Essex, who later became a Groom of the Chamber and a member of Cardinal Wolsey's household. He succeded Thomas More as Lord Keeper of the Great Seal and presided over the trials of Thomas More and Bishop Fisher.
Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter and Earl of Devonshire, ca. 1496-1538. Privy councillor and gentleman of the privy chamber to Henry VIII, Courtenay had a claim in his own right to the throne, his mother being the youngest daughter of Edward IV. Though Courtenay was active in King Henry's cause in the matter of his divorce from Catharine and marriage to Anne, Courtenay's wife Gertrude was a devout Catholic, a close friend of Catherine, and supported the religious visionary Elizabeth Barton in her agitations against Henry.
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473-1541. Daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, following the defeat of the Plantagenet side in the war of the roses, Margaret's family had their fortunes stripped by Henry VII but restored by Henry VIII, and she eventually became governess to Princess Mary (Catherine's daughter), whom she continued to support after Catherine's eviction, until separated by order of Henry. She was suspected of supporting her sons' claims to the throne based on her Plantagenet heritage.
Henry Pole (Lord Montague) ca. 1492-1539. Eldest son of Sir Richard Pole and his Wife Margaret.
John Shelton ca. 1476-1539. Sir John Shelton's wife, Anne, was the paternal aunt of Anne Boleyn. After Anne's installation as queen, Lady Shelton and her sister, Lady Clere, were put in charge of the care of Princess Mary.
Eustace Chapuys (pronounced "shapWEE") ca. 1490-1556. Lawyer and cleric from Savoy, who served as Imperial Ambassador from Charles V to England.
Stephen Vaughn ca. 1502-1549. A successful merchant who traveled and traded in the Netherlands, he undertook various missions for Wolsey and Cromwell. Cromwell intervened to stop charges of heresy against him in 1929.
Antonio Bonvisi unknown-1558. Bonavisi was an Italian merchant and banker living in England, who acted as agent for various Italians who had been appointed at various times as Bishop of Worcester in England. He was a good friend of Thomas More.
Mark Smeaton (Mark, the lute player) unknown-1536. A musician, probably of Flemish origin, who was first noticed by Cardinal Wolsey and recruited to sing in his choir. Upon Wolsey's arrest, Mark went to serve as a musician in the court of Henry VIII and became part of Anne Boleyn's inner circle.
William Brereton, Groom of the Privy Chamber of Henry VIII, ca. 1487-1536. In the novel, this is the man who conducted Cromwell to the King's chambers for what Cromwell assumes is his imminent arrest, but it turns out to be only that his dream interpretation skills are needed. He and Cromwell didn't like each other in real life as well as in the book.
Francis Bryan, Chief Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, ca. 1490-1550. Bryan lost his eye in a tournament and wore an eyepatch. He had a reputation as a party animal and had been removed from the King's company by order of Cardinal Wolsey. His position was later restored by Anne Boleyn, and he became part of the faction seeking to remove Wolsey from power.
The Cromwell Household and Relatives
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell ca. 1485-1540. Brewer's son who ran away to the continent to become a soldier of fortune, then an accountant. He returned to England to work as an accountant and lawyer and then married a rich widow. He became legal secretary for Cardinal Wolsey and was introduced into the court of Henry VIII. He became a member of Parliament, and he held many offices and titles as legal advisor to Henry VIII.
Walter Cromwell ca. 1456-ca. 1510. Thomas Cromwell's father, a brewer and blacksmith from Putney.
Morgan Williams and Katherine Cromwell Williams (Kat). Thomas Cromwell's brother-in-law and older sister, parents of Richard.
Elizabeth Wykys Cromwell (Liz) 1489–1527. A wealthy widow in the wool trade, Liz became Thomas Cromwell's wife. Together they had 3 children, Gregory, Anne, and Grace, of whom only Gregory survives childhood.
Gregory Cromwell ca. 1514/20-1551. Son of Thomas and Elizabeth Cromwell, their only child to survive childhood, Gregory has been frequently by historians portrayed as a waster and disappointment to his father, but more recent research paints a more flattering picture. Ralph Sadler (Rafe) 1507-1587. Eldest son of a man who held a position of trust in a nobel household, Rafe was placed into Thomas Cromwell's household at an early age to become his apprentice and right-hand man.
Richard Cromwell ca. 1512-1545. Born Richard Williams, the son of Morgan Williams and Katherine Cromwell, Richard is taken into the household of Thomas Cromwell upon the death of Morgan and Kat. He later changed his last name to Cromwell. He took an active part, with Cromwell, in the dissolution of the monasteries.
Thomas Wriothesley (Call Me Risley) 1505-1550. Son of an officer of arms at the College of Arms, Wriothesley attended St. Paul's School, London and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, though he did not take a degree. He entered Thomas Cromwell's service at the age of 19 and was later placed into the service of Stephen Gardiner, secretary to the king, while he continued in Cromwell's service. Like Richard Cromwell, Wriothesley made his fortune in the dissolution of the monasteries.
Thomas Avery, unknown-1576. A servant of Thomas Cromell, whom he placed under the care of Stephen Vaughn. Avery, long after the scope of this novel, became a Member of Parliament.
Mercy Pryor. Thomas Cromwell's mother-in-law, the mother of Liz, took over his household upon the death of her daughter.
Helen (or Ellen or Margaret) Barre. A poor young woman who consulted Thomas Cromwell in the matter of having been abandoned by her husband and was subsequently taken into the Cromwell household.
Joan Williamson (Joanne). Cromwell's sister-in-law, married to John Williamson, an accountant employed by Cromwell. Joan also has a daughter Joan* (Jo or Little Jo).
Alice Wellyfed, daughter of Cromwell's sister Elizabeth (Bet) Wellyfed, dates unknown, not to be confused with Alice, Thomas More's wife.
Christophe.* A French boy rescued by Cromwell on his trip to Calais in the service of the king and taken into the Chromwell household.
Marlinspike.* The Cromwell's cat, taken from Wolsey's household in exile and named after the giant in a Christmas play that terrified Gregory when he was a child.
Bella.* The name of any one of a series of small dogs in the Cromwell household.
British Clerics and Religious Figures
Cardinal Wolsey
Cardinal Wolsey (the Cardinal) ca. 1473-1530. The son of a butcher/inkeeper, Wolsey studied at Oxford, entered the priesthood, and rose through a number of positions to become chaplain to Henry VII, who used him also on diplomatic missions. He continued his rise under Henry VIII as Henry liked to leave many of the more boring details of administration and politics to Wolsey while he himself went out hunting and partying. Wolsey ultimately fell out with Henry as Anne Boleyn felt the Cardinal had not worked hard enough to secure Henry's divorce from Catherine. Wolsey forfeited most of has worldly goods and most of his titles, which temporarily mollified the King, but Anne was not satisfied with that and utimately bribed witnesses were brought forth to say they had heard Wolsey commit treason. The Cardinal died on his way to the Tower of London in 1530.
Thomas Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury) 1489-1556. The son of minor gentry, Cranmer was a cleric and Cambridge academic who came to the notice of Henry VIII almost by accident as their paths crossed when both were fleeing to the country to avoid the sweating sickness. Cranmer became instrumental in pressing Henry's case to set aside Catherine and marry Anne and also supported Henry's claim to supremacy (over the Pope) within the borders of England. Once Cranmer's appointment to archbishop had been approved by the Pope, he then declared Henry's marriage to Catherine null and married him to Anne. He supported the translation of the Bible into English, the marriage of priests (including himself) and other Protestant reforms.
Thomas Bilney (Little Bilney) ca. 1495-1531. Bilney was a Cambridge-educated cleric who clashed with Catholic orthodoxy in regard to the veneration of saints and relics, the necessity for pilgrimages, and the mediation of the saints. In all other matters of doctorine, he remained resolutely orthodox, but he was arrested anyway and tried for heresy, recanted, later recanted his recantation and was arrested again. He was tried again by the church authorities and sentenced to be burned, which was carried out without obtaining permission from the state, for which the presiding bishop had his property confiscated.
William Tyndale ca. 1494-1536. An English cleric who translated the Bible into English drawing directly from Greek and Hebrew translations. A publication of Tyndale's, "The Obedience of a Christian Man," is believed to have influenced Henry VIII in his rationale for separating the church of England from the church of Rome. However, Tyndale refused to sanction Henry's divorce from Catherine, so Henry didn't intervene when Tyndale was arrested and tried for heresy. Thomas Cromwell tried to intervene but was unsuccessful, and Tyndale was strangled at the stake, and his body was burned.
John Fisher (Bishop of Rochester) ca. 1469-1535. Cambridge academic and cleric, whose piety brought him to the notice of Margaret Beaufort, the grandmother of Henry VIII, and he became her chaplain and confessor. He was also the confessor to Catharine and one of her chief allies in opposing Henry's divorce and remarriage. His name was linked to supporters of Elizabeth Barton, and he was charged with treason and imprisoned despite his advanced age. Due to his refusal to acknowledge Henry as head of the church in England, he was eventually beheaded.
Elizabeth Barton (the holy maid of Kent) 1506-1534. A young woman who was a reputed seer, who was definitely at the center of a scam. After she began prophesying doom for Henry if he divorced Catherine and Married Anne, even directly accosting Henry on one occasion, she was charged with being also at the center of a conspiracy against Henry. She confessed (possibly under torture) and was executed.
Stephen Gardiner (Bishop of Winchester) ca. 1493-1555. Gardiner served first as the secretary to Wolsey and then as secretary to Henry VIII. He was active, along with Wolsey, in taking Henry's case to the Pope (unsuccessfully). He became Bishop of Winchester after the death of Wolsey.
William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, ca. 1450-1532. Warham presided at the marriage of Henry and Catherine and was assigned to be her advocate during the procedures to have the marriage set aside, but he was afraid of the King and gave her very little help. Toward the end of his life, he showed a little more spine in his opposition to recognizing the King as the head of the church. He was succeeded as Archbishop of Canterbury by Thomas Cranmer.
Hugh Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, ca. 1487-1555. Latimer was greatly influenced by Thomas Bilney.
Rowland Lee, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, ca. 1487-1543. Lee was one of the churchmen who worked on Henry's belhaf to establish the legality of Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn. Gregory Cromwell was placed into Lee's service.
James Bainham, unknown-1532. A lawyer and Protestant reformer accused of heresy by Thomas More and later burned at the stake.
John Frith 1503-1533. English cleric and writer, Frith wrote in support of religious tolerance. Frith was ultimately condemned to death by Thomas More. Stephen Gardiner, who had been Frith's tutor at Cambridge also took part in his prosecution.
Relevant European Figures of the Time
Niccolo Machiavelli
Niccolo Machiavelli (just "Nicolo" to Cromwell) 1469-1527. Machiavelli was a Florentine diplomat and political philosopher who was critical of the idea of moral virtue as legitimizing the exercise of power. Cromwell was accused by some of his contemporaries as having been a "disciple" of Machiavelli.
Guido Camillo ca. 1480–1544. Camillo was an Italian philosopher concerned with the organization of knowledge.
Martin Luther 1483-1546. A Catholic priest from Germany whose initiatives to reform the Roman Catholic church led to him being excommunicated by the Pope and to the start of the Protestant Reformation.
Desiderius Erasmus 1466-1536. Dutch theologian and Catholic priest. Erasmus favored reformation from within the church while maintaining the authority of the Pope and rejected Luther on doctrinal grounds. Erasmus was a friend of Thomas More.
Giulio di Giuliano de Medici, Pope Clement VII (Clement) 1478-1534. Pope Clement VII refused Henry's request for a dissolution of his marriage, but more because of his dependence on Emperor Charles V (Catherine of Aragon's nephew) than on principle.
Alessandro Farnese, Pope Paul III (Farnese) 1468-1549. Pope Paul III succeeded Clemnt VII didn't prove any more amenable to Henry's divorce than did Clement.
Hans Holbein the Younger (just "Hans" to Cromwell) ca. 1497-1543. Born in Germany and working mostly in Basel, Switzerland, or in England, Holbein was considered the primary portraitist of his time.
Nonhuman "Characters"
The Tower of London as Viewed from the Thames
The Tower of London (the tower). Started in 1066 by William the Conqueror as part of the Norman conquest, the tower is a complex of buildings rather than a single tower. The White Tower, which gives the fortress its name was built by William in 1078. It was originally used as a royal residency, but by the time of Henry VIII, it was used as a prison for prisoners of nobel rank.
English sweating sickness or sudor anglicus (sweating sickness). A mysterious plague swept over England in five waves between 1485 and 1551, whose symptoms were different from other plagues of the time. To this day the exact nature of the disease is not known. It is currently thought to be a pulmonary virus similar to hantavirus, which occurs in the American southwest.
Wulfhall (Wolf Hall). Wulfhall was the Seymour family estate in Wiltshire. At the time of the novel Wolf Hall, the wood-beam manor house had probably stood for more than 300 years, but it was near the end of its life, and the Seymours left in 1571. The brick manor house that is on the site now was built in the 1600s. None of the action takes place at Wulfhall, and the choice of "Wolf Hall" as the title for the novel is said to relate to the Latin saying "Man is wolf to man."
The last building left standing from the original Wulfhall, this barn burned down in 1920.
The composite picture below was lifted from a blog called "Early Modern Whale." It is the monument of John Seymour (Jane's father) in its current resting place in a church in Great Bedwyn. The stained glass is in the composite picture is purported to have been taken from the manor at Wulfhall.
And Now, a Little Musical Interlude
Passtime with Good Company is the song that Henry VIII wrote that (in the book) Thomas Wyatt said made him want to howl like a little dog.
*Not verified by me as having actually existed, possibly fictional.
